Putting Authors’ Ideas into Your Own Words: Summarizing and Paraphrasing

Summarizing and paraphrasing are two facets of the same thing, and that is to express what an author is trying to say in your own words without destroying the essence of his thoughts. While a paraphrase can be attributed to an original source without directly quoting this source and is typically shorter than the original text, summarizing has more to do with placing the key ideas in ones’ own words. Both summarizing and paraphrasing are skills that you need to master when writing an assignment. You will find that a quality assignment provider will be able to summarize and paraphrase relevant materials without distorting what the original text is saying.

                                                                                                  Tricks to summarize and paraphrase easily:
• We all know how important it is to be able to convey an author’s views in your own language. This is an indication of how well you have understood his writings. Although expressing his opinions and ideas may appear to be a challenge at first, with practice, you will find it becoming simpler and simpler. Using thesaurus and dictionaries may be an excellent way to write an accurate summary of what you read. When you have a command over vocabulary, it is not at all difficult to play with words to give your writing a unique look and feel although your ideas may have been heavily borrowed from an external source.
• In summarizing, we try to extract the key points in a text and then create a summary which covers all these points in a different language. There must be a marked distinction between your write-up and the original text. You can use different sentence structures or simplify the ideas given to give it a new look.  You may even use the keywords mentioned in the original text because at times it may not be wise to simplify these any further for fear of altering the meaning. At the same time, you can try to arrange these in a different way and combine these with other words for a more interesting read.

• In a summary, you can even skip details that you may find unnecessary and focus on the ones which you believe to be integral to the text. You can shorten the main ideas and compile multiple ideas in a single sentence instead of devoting individual sentences to each. Presentation of ideas can also be manipulated as long as you do not end up distorting the meaning. So, while an original writing may deal with the main idea first followed by a broader context of issues, you can deal with the broader issues first and then narrow your scope down to the main idea when writing a summary. So, you are free to choose keywords that you feel are relevant and then pair these with other keywords to produce a unique write-up. An marketing assignment service provider is also at liberty to choose certain ideas and omit others according to his will.

• In paraphrasing too, you can apply many of these afore-mentioned techniques. However, before you paraphrase, it is imperative that you have your own point of view about the text and you use this as a guideline. In paraphrasing, you are expected to rewrite the information present in the original text by using different words. The idea is not to make a brief outline of the original text; it is to rewrite the text using separate vocabulary. You do not quote information when you paraphrase; you understand the real essence of the text and then rewrite it. This means that you should continue to read the text thoroughly till you can grasp the real meaning. You must also verify that your version matches with what the original text is trying to convey.

Summary: 

To be able to write an assignment, it is important to know the art of summarizing and paraphrasing. Summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing are different techniques by which you can incorporate the works and ideas of others when writing your own assignments. These methods, together with a referencing system can help you write absolutely original assignments and avoid plagiarism. While in summarizing, you use only the main ideas in the original text and explain these in your own language, in paraphrasing, you simply rewrite the original text in your own words without shortening it. Summary can therefore present a wide overview while paraphrasing focuses on changing the word and sentence structure, without missing any details.

Hand hygiene techniques for nurses in an operation room

The utilization of hand hygiene techniques by nursing professionals is highly necessary for reducing the transmission of resident and transient microorganisms during the course of operative intervention across the surgical setting. The lack of working knowledge of hand hygiene interventions among registered nurses places them at high risk of developing debilitating infections in the operating room. These infections exhibit the scope of their transmission to healthy individuals residing in the nearby locations and therefore, an epidemic outbreak is highly suspected with the potential of causing serious morbidities and mortalities across the community environment. Therefore, nurses require religiously following hand hygiene principles in operating rooms to safeguard the patterns of health and wellness within their societies.
 
The preliminary objective of hands-antisepsis technique attributes to the removal of dust and debris from the hands while utilizing an antimicrobial agent for reducing the progression of infectious organisms. The aim of hands-sterilization focuses on the accomplishment of the following challenges:
1. Cessation of unnoticed transmission of bacteria from the hands of nurses to the patient’s surgical wound.
2. Reducing the growth of microorganisms under the surgical gloves to nullify the chances of bacterial contamination following their ineffective disposal.
3. Reduction in bacterial exposure to the nurse professionals for challenging the transmission of virulent infections and contagious conditions.
4. Protection of skin flora from the development of Corynebacteria and Staphylococcal infections.
5. Reducing the scope of progression of postoperative endocarditis between patients, nurse professionals and other members of healthcare team.
Nurses require practicing the following hand hygiene techniques while taking care of patients across the operative units:
1. Utilization of medicated ingredients including chlorhexidine gluconate and triclosan products for ceasing the recurrent growth of bacterial following the initial exposure to the disinfecting agents.
2. Scrubbing the hands with antiseptic agents for tenure of 5 – 10 minutes following the surgical intervention.
3. Utilization of sterile towels for cleaning the hands after the administration of antiseptic solution.
4. Utilization of alcohol based hand-rubs recommended by World Health Organization for reducing the scope of bacterial invasion under the gloves.
5. The position of hands after application of alcohol based scrub should be such that hands require placement over the level of elbows to reduce the bacterial invasion on hands.


Note: 
Protocols thoroughly describe the standard operative hand cleansing protocols for nurses in the context of reducing the predisposition of patients as well as health care teams in experiencing patterns of infection following the surgical intervention.
Challenges in Practicing Hand Hygiene Procedures
Compliance of nursing professionals to effective hand hygiene techniques across surgical setting highly required for reducing the burden of infectious diseases across the community environment.  However, nurse professionals face many challenges in practicing hand hygiene procedures that resultantly increase their risk of developing contagious conditions following the surgical assistance. The multiple engagements of nurses across emergency care units, exposure to the infectious environment in general wards, overcrowding of patients, increased number of surgical care interventions, frequent requirement of gloves and gowns, and constant exposure with infectious equipments reduce their effective compliance of hand hygiene interventions across the healthcare settings. Additionally, hand-irritation following the utilization of disinfectants, lack of hand hygiene equipments in surgical units and minimum awareness regarding the significance of hand hygiene interventions elevates the risk of infection transmission across the surgical care settings in medical facilities.  

Important Tips for Practicing Hand Hygiene Protocols
1. Administration of water and soap necessarily required by the nurse professionals for removing any visible dust or infectious materials from the hands following the surgical intervention.
2. Utilization of hand-rub and soap after contacting the secretions and body fluids of the patient after the administration of surgical technique.
3. Washing hands with hand-rub as well as soap after contacting with the medical equipment during the surgical interventions.
4. Interlacing of fingers and palms while rotationally rubbing the hands after applying the disinfectant.
5. Remove of personal articles including, bracelet, watch, ring and tag while cleansing the hands following the surgical interventions.
6. The nurses should peel back the sterile gloves while wearing them and roll them for their disposal after extending the surgical assistance. The nurses also need to track any leakage or rupture in gloves and dispose them instantly in such situation for avoiding the infectious exposure. as suggested by essay writing experts who are well acquainted with this subject.
For obtaining more information on hand hygiene protocols. 
Summary
Implementation of hand hygiene procedures by nursing professionals highly warranted across the medical facilities during invasive interventions in the context of reducing the predisposition of the patient population as well as healthcare teams in terms of facilitating the transmission of debilitating conditions attributing to hepatitis and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Nurse professionals require practicing caution while contacting the patients during surgical interventions and practice surgical preparation of hands with the effective utilization of glycerine, alcohol and other antiseptics for challenging the scope of infectious transmission across the healthcare units. Nurse professionals require a thorough understanding of the clinical manifestations and fatal prognostic outcomes of postoperative infection, and the significance of practicing hand hygiene interventions for reducing the onset of these debilitating conditions.  These topics  can also come as  essay writing for nursing students.

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION

Effective administration of justice has been an age-old criterion of judging the mark of any notable king, civilisation or government. With the passage of time, several methods were invented and put to test for dispute resolution with a view to serve the idea of justice. While some methods have stood long to the test of time; many have failed. International Commercial Arbitration is one such method that endured itself in the history of dispute resolution. The reason why the subject grew so much in its scope and its importance is the increasingly complex nature of cross-border commercial transaction.


BACKGROUND HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT
The principles of dispute resolution be method of international arbitration have evolved from the times when the economy of a country remained relatively independent from the other countries. However, the twentieth century changed the economic world order over and again. Foreign investments became quintessential to provide thrust to the economies of underdeveloped or developing countries. This realisation came in with era of globalisation and resulted in an unprecedented rise of cross-border transactions to grease the wheels of foreign investment in their respective countries.  Therefore, it was important for the evolution of an effective method of dispute resolution and hence, the concept of International Commercial Arbitration was envisaged. With this quaint introduction to the concept, this commentary would now elaborate upon the features of the concept.
DEFINITION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
While there is no authoritative definition of the concept, Gary Born  has defined the concept in the following manner:
“International arbitration is a means by which international disputes can be definitively resolved, pursuant to the parties’ agreement, by independent, non-governmental decision makers, producing a legally binding and enforceable ruling.”
A very generic definition of International Commercial Arbitration can be said to be a mechanism of dispute resolution governed by an Agreement between parties having their place of business in different states.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AND NATIONAL ARBITRATION
At this instance, it is also appropriate to highlight the difference between International and National Arbitration. According to the CISG, the provisions of the convention are applicable to contract of sales of goods between parties whose places of business are in different countries that are parties to the CISG.  This is the most apt legal proposition that distinguishes the two concepts. It is important to understand the difference to appreciate the complexities, such as enforceability of arbitral awards, intervention of the domestic courts, which arise in International Arbitration as opposed to Domestic arbitration.

AGREEMENT TO ‘ARBITRATE’
The primary source of law for an Arbitrator is the Agreement which governs the commercial relationship between the parties. A compulsory arbitration clause highlights the importance of methods alternate dispute resolution and the commitment of the parties towards resolving the issue in a timely manner.  If the arbitration was going to be US-based, then there are many sources of arbitration law as per the United States. It is important to mention here that the parties enjoy the complete independence while negotiating the Arbitration agreement. Now, the primary legislation governing the arbitration law differs from state to state while conforming largely to the Model law.
INTERNATIONAL “COMMERCIAL” ARBITRATION
The scope of jurisdiction of a tribunal conducting arbitration emanates from the International Contract which gives rise to such dispute.  As per the Model Convention, the term-“Commercial” is given a wide interpretation to include all the connotations that can be reasonably attributed to a commercial relationship. The Model law also provides an indicative list of the examples of commercial transactions.
“SEAT” OF ARBITRATION
The reason why the Seat assumes importance is that it determines the scope of intervention by a domestic court. Now, it is a cornerstone principle of arbitration, that the proceedings before the arbitral tribunal should not be interfered by the domestic courts. Moreover, the governing law for the arbitral tribunal is dependent upon the seat of arbitration. The governing law provides for several procedural aspects of the proceedings before the tribunal as well as the powers of the tribunal while adjudicating upon the issues. Another major issue that emerges out of any discussion on the “seat” of arbitration is the arbitrability of the dispute. The dilemma around the arbitrability arises out the conflict between the substantive law and lex arbitri. An ancillary point regarding the seat could be that there are chiefly two methods of arbitration - ad-hoc and institutional arbitration.Arbitration and its concepts can be too much for a beginner just incase you need help there are always services like business law assignment help to come to your rescue.
CONCLUSION
While the Model law has brought a certain measure of uniformity and coherence in the manner principles of International Commercial Arbitration are interpreted, there is lot to be done. Just like assignment writing ,essay writing even understanding arbitration  takes quite some effort.

Very crucial points apart from Quotations, which you must take care in your assignments while referencing

Introduction   
The referencing the source is not only compulsory in academic writing, but also highly important. The students need to validate the content they are writing in their assignment through referencing and properly citing the sources used. Different referencing styles are in prevalence in the universities operating in different countries. For example, universities operating in the United States use APA referencing, while those operating in the UK use Harvard referencing. The referencing under different styles is almost similar except few changes relating to formatting and structuring the reference. This paper addresses the peculiarities of referencing, which the students should keep in mind while referencing the sources in their assignments.
   
Figure-1: Different Referencing Styles
Sources and Referencing 
There are various sources, which can be used by the students for the purpose of academic writing such as books, journals, news articles,essay writting and reliable websites (not Wikipedia and encyclopaedias). The unreliable sources cannot be used in the academic writing such as Wikipedia and encyclopaedia, thus the students should remember that these sources are not referenced in their assignment. Ideally, a list containing references, arranged in an alphabetical order, should be given at the end of the assignment on a separate page. The guidelines relating to the referencing of the different sources have been discussed in the sections given below:
Books
The referencing of the books is done by mentioning the name of the authors, year of publication, title of the book, and name of the publisher. These details are structured sequentially starting with the name of the author followed by the year of publication. After the year of publication, title of the book mentioned, which is generally written in italics, and then at last name of the publisher is mentioned. For example, “Gibson, R. 2016. Ratio analysis: a comparative study of the organization’s profitability, 6th edition. Wiley and Sons Publication.” This is a simple example exhibiting referencing of a book written by one author, few other important aspects relating to referencing are as below:
• If there are two authors, the name of the authors can be separated by putting “AND” between names of two authors. Further, in case of more than three authors, the name of authors can be separated by putting “comma (,)” and “AND” before the name of the last author.
• Regarding the year of publication, it should be kept in mind that the year of actual publication is given and not the year of reprint. There may be the year of a reprint mentioned in the book in case the book was reprinted.
 
Figure-2: Referencing of a Book
Journal
The referencing of a journal article is similar to the book except that few more details are added such as the name of the journal, volume number, issue number, and page numbers. Consider an example of referencing a journal, “Oblan, A. and Robert, S. 2016. The determinant of bank’s profitability: Empirical data evidence. Journal of financial management, (4) (1): 145-210”. Here “(4) and (1)” are respectively the volume and issue number of the journal.
Online Source
The referencing of the online source is different from that of the books and journals. The crucial aspect of online source referencing is the web link and the date on which the source was assessed. Further, it should also be kept in mind that the online may be such that does not have any author. In such cases, the referencing should be done by mentioning the name of the source, for example, in case of the company’s annual report, “Annual Report of ABC Inc,” can be mentioned in place of the author’s name.              
 
Figure-3: Online Source Referencing
Few other Important Points
• In case same citation is used at various places in the document, the writer can use the word “Ibid” in place of citation. This word refers to the citation done in the earlier Para.
• In case of more than three authors, the writer can use the words “et al.,” after the name of the first author instead of using the names of all the authors. This applies in the cases of in text citation only, however, in preparing bibliography; the names of all the authors should be mentioned.
• The list of references should be arranged in the alphabetical order and indent should be given to each reference in the list. as suggested by assignment help experts          
Summary
Referencing and citations of the sources can be difficult and confusing in academic writing. This paper addresses the crucial aspects that pertain to the referencing of the various sources such as book, journals, and online sources. The paper helps in learning the referencing in an easy way by exhibiting the example of each source. Further, the paper also explains other crucial aspects relating the structuring and formatting the references, which may be highly useful in the academic writers. Through this paper, it is endeavoured that all the academic writers get the complete understanding of the referencing and learn the preparation of bibliographies.  

Learn indirect quotation referencing in your assignment

Introduction   
The referencing and citations of the sources used in writing an academic assignment are important aspects, which a writer needs to take into consideration. The source citation is referred as quoting the text taken from the sources such as books and journal articles. There are two types of source citations such as direct and indirect. In this paper the discussion will evolve around the indirect citation of the sources used by the writer in his own work. The indirect quotations are frequently used in the academic writing, but the same is not the case with direct quotations.
 

Figure-1: Types of Citations

What is Indirect Quotation
The indirect quotation is used when the writer uses the content of the source indirectly. This implies that when the content of the source is used by the writer by converting into own words by interpreting or articulating the content of the source. In the direct quotation, the writer takes the content from the source as it is, while in case of indirect quotation, the content of the source is converted into own words by the writer. For example, suppose writer found content in a book written by Robert Gibson and published in 2016, “Ratios elucidate the financial health of a business by providing insight into how the business is performing”.
The writer could use the above content by converting it into own words as, “According to Gibson (2016), the ratios are crucial for the investors as these help in assessing the financial performance and position of the company”. Alternatively, this indirect quotation can be presented as, “The ratios are crucial for the investors as these help in assessing the financial performance and position of the company (Gibson, 2016).
 
Figure-2: Rewording the Content

Important Features of Indirect Quotation
The discussion in the above section depicts that the most important aspect of indirect quotation is the use of own words. The content of the source has to be converted into own words beyond all reasonable doubts. Further, while citing the source two things are used such as the name of the author and the year of publication. The writer should bear in mind that the name of the author used in the citation is the last name only. In the example shown in the above section, it could be seen that in citing the source only “Gibson” has been used while the full name of the author is “Robert Gibson”.
In the first alternative of citation, the sentence starts with a phrase such as, “According to....” and then the last name of the author is given followed by a comma (,) and the year of publication. It should also be noted that the detail as regards the name of the author and the year of publication are given in a small bracket.
Other Important Points
It may happen that the source, which is being used by the writer, is written by more than one author. In such cases the writer should not forget to include the names of the other authors. The names of the authors are separated by comma (,) and before the last author’s name “AND” is put, for example, (Game, Knights, and Willmott, 1991). The author’s names are arranged in an alphabetical order and this format is followed consistently throughout the paper. For citation purposes, three authors are considered to be appropriate, but there may also be situations in which a source could be found written by more than three authors. or by an  assignment expert
In such situations, the names of all the authors are not given in the citation because it deteriorates the presentation. Further, since the citations count in the word limit of an assignment, so it is possible that the writer uses the sources written by many authors to cover the word limit only. Thus, it is appropriate for a writer to use “et al.,” after putting the name of the first author of the source, for example, (Game, et al., 1991).        
Summary
In this paper the issues pertaining to referencing and citations of the indirect quotes in the academic writing have been dealt with. It is very important to give citations of the work of others used by the writer to accredit the work of another person. The writer involved in the academic writing needs to be acquainted with the citations and use of the sources in his own work which is unlike essay writing. .For this purpose, this paper elaborates the guidelines to be followed in giving citations to the indirect quotes in the written piece of work of the writer. The paper contains examples of citations covering various situations such as one author, three authors, and more than three author cases. 

From Automobiles to Software Development - An Introduction to Kanban

“The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.”
- Bill Gates
Efficiency Is a buzz word of today’s technology. The more we focus on this state better would be performance taking the business to greater heights.This is where Kanban, a lean approach to agile development has aided the users into better arena.
 
Fig 2 properties and effects of Kanban
“Why?” is the phrase used quite often whenever a new technology takes its first step into the real world. The answer to this “why??” is a set of value-added functions the system assures to provide. Transparency in their doings, removing the obstacle by scanning the holdups, enhancing team communication, empowering the team to handle the process and believing in team work are the functions accompanied with the topic of interest.


Fig 3 images of kanban card sourced from Seton

Working of the system in Industrial Division:
The developer Taiichi Ohno, industrial engineer at Toyota visualized the doings in the supermarket to the working of the productions sectors. The initiative was taken to setup self-stocking techniques in an industrial environment. A detailed survey of the customer demands is a key to bring the concept into play. A thought given to the survey report suggests the demand-forecast to be proposed for the working of the scheme. Once the demand number is finalized the count of cards to be used by each subdivision is calculated. This count remains a constant unless there is any variation in customer demand and helps preserve the upper limit of work-in-progress for that particular instant of time.
In the created demand-driven system the manual kanban card as portrayed in the fig 3 is made to travel through the supply chain.  The card signals the outcome of the former phase – depletion of products, part or inventory. This insufficiency testimony aids in restocking of the deficient. The kanban cards are physically attached before dispatching the part. This card is later collected and reused to keep a count on the cards of subdivision. This mechanism suggests next division in the process cycle to use the processed part when necessary. This is how the system is made useful in a manufacture and assembly section like automobile, inventory, transportation and essay to name a few.


Fig 4 image sourced from Crisp AB

Working of the system in software
A talk about the software or its products…differ every day, use of different functionalities leads to something new and dissimilar from the previous one.  Software development differs from any manufacturing unit in its creation. Production is an approach taken in software world which assures high chances of succeeding while development is an approach resulting in lower scale in the path of success. To bring the thought into play in the computer world, email notifications have replaced manual card-driven techniques. Indication of depletion of the component is followed by “kanban trigger” generated either manually or automatically by the system. The trigger message defines the predefined quantity with time interval to be posted to the supplier. An empty cart conveys the user to refill the cart.
“Coming together is the beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success”
- Henry Ford
One of the terms used in any project development is “Team work”. To proceed with the thought, the status of the project should be kept transparent from other players of the project. Many verbs attached to the status- in progress, tested, accepted, blocked etc. imparts better understanding of the outcome. Posting the status of the work as portrayed in the fig 4 helps in maintaining pace with each other.
“Divide each difficulty into as many parts as is feasible and necessary to resolve it”
- Rene Descartes
A project taken up is broken down into multiple tasks. The development uses karban in two levels. A project level depicts the user story and team level which represents the task to be undertaken. The pull string can be activated by enabling the downstream process to signal the upstream process to begin with it’s working.

Reaching the end of the study, technologies ascend with quality and performance has to be its measuring yardstick. To add values to the terms, gaining better control over the system acts as a key. The solution to wide spread process-control varying from manufacturing industrial sectors like automobiles to software development is keyed as “Kanban”. For anyone who is still finding it difficult to understand Kanban difficult there are always options like Information science assignment help, to make their life easier. The system aids the user in gaining better control over the process and providing the other players of the team a visual view of the process status. The system builds better team enhancing the communication among them and increasing the trust in one another.